For the purposes of this debate, “non-formal education” refers to structured learning outside traditional schools and universities, including online courses, bootcamps, tutoring centers, vocational programs, certifications, and self-paced learning platforms.

Southeast Asia is becoming a major region for electric vehicle (EV) development as countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam invest in EV production, batteries, and charging infrastructure.

For the purposes of this debate, “cancel culture” refers to the practice of publicly calling out, boycotting, or socially ostracizing individuals or organizations for actions, statements, or beliefs considered offensive or harmful, especially through social media and public pressure.

Bullfighting is a cultural tradition in which two bulls lock horns and charge at each other; it is commonly found in areas such as Bondowoso. This tradition symbolizes strength, helps maintain the quality of the cattle’s lineage, and is sometimes accompanied by betting.